What should someone learn about CSS if they last boned up during CSS3?

.card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns:
    150px 1fr;
  gap: 1rem;
}
.card .nav {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
}

Layout

You really gotta learn Flexbox and Grid if you haven’t — they are really cornerstones of CSS development these days. Even more so than any feature we got in CSS3.

Grid is extra powerful when you factor in subgrid and masonry, neither of which is reliable cross-browser yet but probably will be before too long.

html {
  --bgColor: #70f1d9;
  
  --font-size-base: 
    clamp(1.833rem, 2vw + 1rem, 3rem);
  --font-size-lrg:
    clamp(1.375rem, 2vw + 1rem, 2.25rem);
}

html.dark {
  --bgColor: #2d283e;
}

CSS Custom Properties

Custom properties are also a big deal for several reasons. They can be your home for design tokens on your project, making a project easier to maintain and keep consistent. Color theming is a big use case, like dark mode.

You can go so far as designing entire sites using mostly custom properties. And along those lines, you can’t ignore Tailwind these days. The approach of styling an entire site with classes in HTML strikes the right chord with a lot of people (and the wrong chord with a lot of people, so no worries if it doesn’t jive with you).

@media 
  (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation-duration: 0.001s !important;
  }
}

@media 
  (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root {
    --bg: #222;
  }
}

Preference Queries

Preference queries are generally @media queries like we’ve been using to respond to different browsers sizes for year, but now include ways to detect specific user preferences at the OS level. Two examples are prefers-reduced-motion and prefers-color-scheme. These allow us to build interfaces that more closely respect a user’s ideal experience. Read Una’s post.

.block {
  background: 
    hsl(0 33% 53% / 0.5);

  background:
    rgb(255 0 0);

  background:
    /* can display colors 
       no other format can */
    color(display-p3 0.9176 0.2003 0.1386)

  background:
    lab(52.2345% 40.1645 59.9971 / .5);}

  background:
    hwb(194 0% 0% / .5);
}

Color Changes

The color syntax is moving to functions that accept alpha (transparency) without having the change the function name. For example, if you wanted pure blue in the CSS3 days, you might do rgb(0, 0, 255). Today, however, you can do it no-comma style (both work): rgb(0 0 255), and then add alpha without using a different function: rgb(0 0 255 / 0.5). Same exact situation for hsl(). Just a small nicety, and how future color functions will only work.

Speaking of future color syntaxes:

• P3 color or “display-p3” is coming via the color() function.
• lab() color is another new color space. It “represents the entire range of color that humans can see.”
• lch() is another new color space.
• hwb() is another new color space for humans.

body {
 font-family: 'Recursive', sans-serif;
 font-weight: 950;
 font-variation-settings: 'MONO' 1, 'CASL' 1;
}

Variable Fonts

Web fonts became a big thing in CSS3. Now there are variable fonts. You might as well know they exist. They both unlock some cool design possibilities and can sometimes be good for performance (like no longer needing to load different font files for bold and italic versions of the same font, for example). There is a such thing as color fonts too, but I’d say they haven’t seen much popularity on the web, despite the support.

.cut-out {
  clip-path: polygon(25% 0%, 75% 0%, 100% 50%, 75% 100%, 25% 100%, 0% 50%);
}

.mask {
  mask: url(mask.png) right bottom / 100px repeat-y;
}

.move-me {
  offset-path: path('M 5 5 m -4, 0 a 4,4 0 1,0 8,0 a 4,4 0 1,0 -8,0');
  animation: move 3s linear infinite;
}

@keyframes move {
  100% { 
    offset-distance: 100%;
  }
}

Paths

SVG has also exploded since CSS3. You can straight up crop any element into shapes via clip-path, bringing SVG-like qualities to CSS. Not only that, but you can animate elements along paths, float elements along paths, and even update the paths of SVG elements.

These all feel kind of spirtually connected to me:

• clip-path — allows us to literally crop elements into shapes.
• masks — similar to clipping, but a mask can have other qualities like being based on the alpha channel of the mask.
• offset-path — provides a path that an element can be placed on, generally for the purpose of animating it along that path.
• shape-outside — provides a path on a floated element that other elements wrap around.
• d — an SVG’s d attribute on a <path> can be updated via CSS.

.disable {
  filter: 
    blur(1px)
    grayscale(1);
}

.site-header {
  backdrop-filter: 
    blur(10px);
}

.styled-quote {
  mix-blend-mode: 
    exclusion;
} 

CSS Filters

There is a lot of image manipulation (not to mention other DOM elements) that is possible these days directly in CSS. There is quite literally filter, but its got friends and they all have different uses.

These all feel kind of spirtually connected to me:

• filter — all sorts of useful Photoshop-like effects like brightness, contrast, grayscale, sautration, etc. Blurring is a really unique power.
• background-blend-mode — again, evocative of Photoshop in how you can blend layers. Multiply the layers to darken and combine. Overlay to mix the background and color. Lighten and darken are classic effects that have real utility in web design, and you never know when a more esoteric lighting effect will create a cool look.
• backdrop-filter — the same abilities you have with filter, but they only apply to the background and not the entire element. Blurring just the background is a particularly useful effect.
• mix-blend-mode — the same abilities you have with background-blend-mode, but for the entire element rather than bring limited to backgrounds.

import "https://unpkg.com/extra.css/confetti.js";

body {
  background: paint(extra-confetti);
  height: 100vh;
  margin: 0;
}

Houdini

Houdini is really a collection of technologies that are all essentially based around extending CSS with JavaScript, or at least at the intersection of CSS and JavaScript.

• Paint API — returns an image that is built from <canvas> APIs and can be controlled through custom properties.
• Properties & Values API / Typed OM — gives types to values (e.g. 10px) that would have otherwise been strings.
• Layout API — create your own display properties.
• Animation API

Combined, these make for some really awesome demos, though browser support is scattered. Part of the magic of Houdini is that it ships as Worklets that are pretty easy to import and use, so it has the potential to modularize powerful functionality while making it trivially easy to use.

my-component {
  --bg: lightgreen;
}

:host(.dark) { 
  background: black; 
}

my-component:part(foo) {
  border-bottom: 2px solid black;
}

Shadow DOM

The Shadow DOM comes up a bit if you’ve played with <svg> and the <use> element. The “cloned” element that comes through has a shadow DOM that has limitations on how you can select “through” it. Then, when you get into <web-components>, it’s the same ball of wax.

If you find yourself needing to style web components, know there are essentially four options from the “outside.” And you might be interested in knowing about native CSS modules and constructible stylesheets.